LEGAL CERTAINTY FOR CROSS-BORDER REMOTE WORKERS: COMPARISON BETWEEN MALAYSIA AND GERMANY

Juanita Alifia Adilla, . (2026) LEGAL CERTAINTY FOR CROSS-BORDER REMOTE WORKERS: COMPARISON BETWEEN MALAYSIA AND GERMANY. Al-Risalah: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah dan Hukum, 26 (2). pp. 1894-1918. ISSN 2252-8334

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Abstract

This study examines the legal certainty for remote workers from various countries in the context of international civil law, in line with advances in digital technology that facilitate employment relationships without geographical boundaries. The purpose of this study is to examine how international civil law addresses cross-border remote workers and how countries protect the rights of their citizens who work remotely for foreign companies. The method used in this study is a normative legal approach that examines statutory regulations, concepts, and comparative law. The study findings indicate that cross-border remote work relationships contain foreign elements in the employment agreement, so that the relationship is subject to international civil law, particularly regarding the determination of applicable law, jurisdiction, and dispute resolution mechanisms. The results of the study indicate that cross-border remote work arrangements contain foreign elements in the employment agreement, so that they fall within the scope of international civil law, particularly regarding the determination of applicable law, jurisdiction, and dispute resolution mechanisms. In Indonesia, there are currently no specific regulations governing cross-border remote workers, so legal protection still relies on the general provisions of Law No. 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower, Law No. Law No. 6 of 2023 concerning Job Creation, as well as the Civil Code, have not fully accommodated the characteristics of cross-jurisdictional digital employment relationships. Comparisons with Malaysia through the amendment of the Employment Act 1955 and Germany through Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) 883/04 show that both countries have adapted more quickly to remote work through flexible work arrangements and protection of workers' rights. This study concludes that Indonesia still lacks regulations to provide legal certainty for cross-border remote workers. Therefore, comprehensive, specific regulations are needed to ensure that employment status, rights protection, and dispute resolution mechanisms can operate effectively.

Item Type:	Article
Additional Information:	[No. Panggil: 2210611048] [Pembimbing: Aurora Jillena Meliala] [Ketua Penguji: Iwan Erar Joesoef] [Penguji 1: Ema Nurkhaerani] [Penguji 2: Aurora Jillena Meliala]
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Cross-Border Remote Employees; Legal Certainty; International Private Law
Subjects:	K Law > K Law (General)
Divisions:	Fakultas Hukum > Program Studi Hukum (S1)
Depositing User:	JUANITA ALIFIA ADILLA
Date Deposited:	28 Aug 2026 04:08
Last Modified:	28 Aug 2026 04:08
URI:	http://repository.upnvj.ac.id/id/eprint/53147

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