Josua Ferdinand Sihotang, . (2026) PERBANDINGAN NORMATIF REGULASI PERLINDUNGAN DATA PRIBADI AMERIKA SERIKAT DAN GDPR UNI EROPA DALAM PERSPEKTIF TRANSFER DATA LINTAS BATAS. Begawan Abioso, 17 (1). pp. 37-51. ISSN 2810-0727
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Abstract
The development of the global digital era has made personal data protection a highly crucial legal issue, particularly due to the advancement of artificial intelligence technology and the increasing intensity of cyberattacks. In 2025, the average cost of a data breach reached USD 4.88 million per incident. This study examines the normative comparison between personal data protection regulations in the United States, particularly the California Consumer Privacy Act, and the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). This topic was selected because of its relevance to cross-border data transfer mechanisms and its urgency for the reform of Indonesia’s Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection, especially within the context of bilateral trade relations between Indonesia and the United States. This research employs a normative legal method using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The research data are derived from secondary legal materials, including regulations, academic journals, and relevant reports published up to September 2025. The findings reveal fundamental differences between the personal data protection systems of the United States and the GDPR, particularly regarding jurisdiction and accountability principles. The GDPR adopts extraterritorial jurisdiction under Article 3 and a proactive accountability principle as stipulated in Article 35, whereas regulations in the United States tend to be sectoral and fragmented across individual states. These differences create normative conflicts, legal gaps, and legal uncertainty in cross-border data transfer mechanisms, including the implementation of the EU-US Data Privacy Framework. This study recommends reforming Indonesia’s Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection by strengthening GDPR principles in order to support global regulatory harmonization, enhance legal certainty, and prevent personal data breaches in the digital era.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Additional Information: | [No. Panggil : 2210611168] [Pembimbing : Citraresmi Widoretno Putri] [Ketua Penguji : Andriyanto Adhi Nugroho] [Penguji 1 : Rianda Dirkareshza] [Penguji 2 : Citraresmi Widoretno Putri] |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | General Data Protection Regulation; Personal Data Protection Cross Border; Data Transfer. |
| Subjects: | K Law > K Law (General) |
| Divisions: | Fakultas Hukum > Program Studi Hukum (S1) |
| Depositing User: | JOSUA FERDINAND SIHOTANG |
| Date Deposited: | 31 Aug 2026 03:52 |
| Last Modified: | 31 Aug 2026 03:52 |
| URI: | http://repository.upnvj.ac.id/id/eprint/52778 |
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